Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2026 Effects of probiotic supplementation on disease progression in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Saleh SE, Elnagar SSE, Fouda MA, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026 Effects of age, sex, and renal function on bowel movement-improving effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 on constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: A prespecified subgroup analysis of the BIRDIE study. Ikeda F, Sato J, Yoshii H, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Gut microbes · 2026 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WJL ameliorates chronic kidney disease by inhibiting fibroblast growth factor 21 adaptive stress response via low protein diet. Benoit B, Letourneau P, Verdier V, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Observational Renal failure · 2026 Gut microbiota biomarkers of chronic kidney disease progression identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and machine learning. Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liu S, et al. Lachnospira eligens PubMed ↗
Review Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026 Gut microbiota and renal fibrosis: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Liu LM, He XF, Zhang YL, et al. Bacteroides fragilisBacteroides ovatusBifidobacterium animalisEggerthella lenta +2 more PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026 Efficacy of probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease complicated by constipation: An exploratory, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study (BIRDIE study). Ikeda F, Sato J, Yoshii H, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Journal of renal nutrition · 2025 Prebiotic Administration to Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Modifies Their Fecal Microbiome and Host Metabolism. Raj DS, Gao B, Sohn MB, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2025 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus attenuates uremic toxins in patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease through the anti-inflammatory molecules. Leelahavanichkul A, Phuengmaung P, Bhunyakarnjanarat T, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2024 Probiotic treatment induces changes in intestinal microbiota but does not alter SCFA levels in peritoneal dialysis patients-a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Zhou S, Yan Y, Chu R, et al. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PubMed ↗
Observational BMC microbiology · 2024 Does gut microbiota dysbiosis impact the metabolic alterations of hydrogen sulfide and lanthionine in patients with chronic kidney disease? Garcia-Martinez Y, Alexandrova E, Iebba V, et al. Alistipes indistinctusCoprococcus eutactusMediterraneibacter gnavusStreptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 A Symbiotic Meal Containing Extruded Sorghum and Probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum) Ameliorated Intestinal Health Markers in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Secondary Analysis of a Subsample from a Previous Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial. Lúcio HG, Lopes RCSO, Gomes MJC, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pharmaceutical biology · 2024 Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi regulates intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and protects against proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled study. Dong X, Zhang J, Li W, et al. [Clostridium] innocuumFaecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Review Current nutrition reports · 2024 The Interplay Between Dietary Choline and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Review of Current Evidence. Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Psallida S, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Observational Gut microbes · 2023 Association of the gut microbiome with kidney function and damage in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Peters BA, Qi Q, Usyk M, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of renal nutrition · 2022 The Impact of Synbiotic Treatment on the Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiome of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients-A Randomized Trial. Mitrović M, Stanković-Popović V, Tolinački M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022 Uremic Toxin-Producing Bacteroides Species Prevail in the Gut Microbiota of Taiwanese CKD Patients: An Analysis Using the New Taiwan Microbiome Baseline. Shivani S, Kao CY, Chattopadhyay A, et al. BacteroidesBlautia PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2022 Probiotics-Supplemented Low-Protein Diet for Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (ProLowCKD): Results from a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. De Mauri A, Carrera D, Bagnati M, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLimosilactobacillus reuteri PubMed ↗
Review Toxins · 2022 Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): An Omics Perspective. Lohia S, Vlahou A, Zoidakis J Bacteroides eggerthiiEggerthella lentaRoseburia faecis PubMed ↗
Systematic review Renal failure · 2021 Specific alterations in gut microbiota in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review. Zhao J, Ning X, Liu B, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis International journal of medical sciences · 2021 Effects of Low Protein Diet on Modulating Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of International Studies. Hsu CK, Su SC, Chang LC, et al. Bacteroides eggerthiiRoseburia faecis PubMed ↗
Systematic review BioMed research international · 2021 Clostridioides difficile Infection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. Mihaescu A, Augustine AM, Khokhar HT, et al. PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in immunology · 2021 Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Its Association With Serum Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Liu F, Xu X, Chao L, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026 Effects of processed low-protein brown rice on patients with chronic kidney disease. Adachi K, Yasuda M, Ida M, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Microbiology spectrum · 2026 Linkage of gut microbiota dysbiosis to chronic kidney disease in patients with graded proteinuria levels. Wang P, Wang M, Shen Y, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Indian journal of medical microbiology · 2026 Automating Microbial Community Analysis (AMCA): Development and application of an amplicon based graphical pipeline in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Rana N, Tiewsoh K, Ray P, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
International immunopharmacology · 2026 The immunomodulatory metabolite butyrate ameliorates renal fibrosis by restoring gut barrier integrity and suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Liu G, Sun Q, Yan Q, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Science · 2026 Host-derived nitrate fuels indole production by Escherichia coli to drive chronic kidney disease progression. Lee JY, Mahan SP, Parente de Carvalho T, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Life sciences · 2026 Investigating gut microbiome dysbiosis in adults with chronic kidney disease: Diabetes-induced alterations via metagenomics and qPCR. Gunasekaran Rajalakshmi S, K RB, Viswanathan P Bifidobacterium adolescentisFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Nature microbiology · 2026 Host factors dictate gut microbiome alterations in chronic kidney disease more strongly than kidney function. Krukowski H, Valkenburg S, Vich Vila A, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis PubMed ↗
Kidney360 · 2025 Lactulose, a Disaccharide Prebiotic, Improves the Gut-Kidney Axis via Enhancement of Akkermansia Muciniphila Production. Sueyoshi M, Watanabe H, Goto M, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7718 Attenuates Renal Injury in an Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mouse Model via Inhibition of Inflammation and Apoptosis. Kim H, Jeong JW, Jeong H, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Comprehensive physiology · 2025 Metagenomic Profiling of Gut Microbiota in Kidney Precision Medicine Project Participants With CKD and AKI. Noel S, Patel SK, White J, et al. Dorea longicatenaGemmiger formicilisRoseburia hominisRoseburia intestinalis +1 more PubMed ↗
Cell host & microbe · 2025 Gut-microbiota-derived indole sulfate promotes heart failure in chronic kidney disease. Zhang Y, Han X, Feng T, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Physiology & behavior · 2025 Gut microbiome mediates the causal relationship between chronic kidney disease and cognitive dysfunction: a mendelian randomization study. Zhou L, Wang Z, Wang M, et al. Faecalicatena fissicatena PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2025 A specifically designed multi-biotic reduces uremic toxin generation and improves kidney function. Beau A, Natividad J, Benoit B, et al. Lactobacillus johnsonii PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2025 Mendelian randomization study revealed a gut microbiota-immune system-kidney junction axis in chronic kidney disease. Tan J, Xiong Z, Yu S, et al. Alistipes indistinctusAlistipes putredinis PubMed ↗
Medicina · 2025 The Impact of a 10-Month Synbiotic Intake on eGFR, Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Prospective, Non-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Kuskunov T, Tilkiyan E, Zdravkova I, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Nature microbiology · 2025 Segatella copri and gut microbial ammonia metabolism contribute to chronic kidney disease pathogenesis. Lin S, Sun Z, Zhu X, et al. Segatella copriEscherichia coli PubMed ↗
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025 Evaluation of the Correlation between Gut Microbiota and Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Xi J, Xu J, Sun J, et al. BlautiaFaecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Nutrients · 2025 Function of Yogurt Fermented with the Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1 Strain in Improving the Lipid Profile and Intestinal Microbiome in Hemodialysis Patients. Suzuki Y, Ishioka K, Nakamura T, et al. Lactococcus lactis PubMed ↗