Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2026 Preventing otitis media and respiratory tract infections with the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Halley C, Honeywill C, Kang J, et al. Streptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Nutrients · 2026 Strain-Specific Effects of Early-Life Probiotic Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Carnazzo SM, Sinagra E, Raimondo D, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of nutrition · 2026 Probiotic modulation of gut microbiota with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 mitigates recurrent respiratory infections in children: a randomised-controlled trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Microbial pathogenesis · 2026 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 modulates the infant gut-lung axis via microbial and metabolic reprogramming. Ma R, Jia B, Zhang X, et al. Bifidobacterium longumRoseburia hominis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2026 Probiotic intervention not beneficial to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in absence of antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption. Merenstein D, Grant-Beurmann S, Sanders ME, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Clinical infectious diseases · 2026 Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in South African Infants With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study of the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Claassen-Weitz S, Xia Y, Hannan L, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026 Probiotic Supplementation Reduces RRTIs and Enhances Gut Microbial and Immunity in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2025 A probiotic containing L. plantarum and P. acidilactici strains for treating upper respiratory infection in children aged 6 months to 5 years: a randomized, double-blind trial. Andrade-Platas D, Martinez-Figueroa MG, Rodriguez-Palmero M, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarumPediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2025 Effects of probiotic yogurt on relative respiratory tract infections, urine, saliva biomarkers, and fecal bacterial load in Ugandan children: a randomized controlled trial. Sybesma W, Westerik N, Dalukdeniya C, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial JAMA network open · 2025 Probiotics and Fever Duration in Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bettocchi S, Comotti A, Elli M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium breveLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Therapeutic Potential of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 on Gut and Respiratory Health in Infant. Richmond RV, Mageswary U, Ali A, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 The Effectiveness of Heat-Killed Pediococcus acidilactici K15 in Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Takeshita K, Hishiki H, Takei H, et al. Pediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Frontiers in immunology · 2024 Heyndrickxia coagulans strain SANK70258 suppresses symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection via immune modulation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, comparative study. Aida M, Togawa N, Mizuyama K, et al. Heyndrickxia coagulans PubMed ↗
Randomized trial The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 Efficacy and safety of a synbiotic infant formula for the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Piloquet H, Vrignaud B, Gillaizeau F, et al. Limosilactobacillus fermentum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2023 Efficient symptomatic treatment and viral load reduction for children with influenza virus infection by nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics. Tran TT, Phung TTB, Tran DM, et al. Bacillus subtilis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2022 Comparison of two probiotics in follow-on formula: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 reduced upper respiratory tract infections in Chinese infants. Dekker J, Quilter M, Qian H Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022 Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Lancet. Microbe · 2022 The association between early-life gut microbiota and childhood respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Alcazar CG, Paes VM, Shao Y, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Voprosy pitaniia · 2022 [The effectiveness of BIFIFORM KIDS in the prevention of the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children]. Shikh EV, Drozdov VN, Vorobieva OA, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG DSM 33156 effects on pathogen defence in the upper respiratory tract: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled paediatric trial. Damholt A, Keller MK, Baranowski K, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2021 Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation with a Product Containing Human-Native S. salivarius K12 in Healthy Adults Increases Oral S. salivarius. Cernioglo K, Kalanetra KM, Meier A, et al. Streptococcus salivariusBifidobacterium animalisLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pharmaceutical biology · 2021 Effect of fermented milk on upper respiratory tract infection in adults who lived in the haze area of Northern China: a randomized clinical trial. Zhang H, Miao J, Su M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of nutrition · 2021 Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 treated and prevented acute RTI, reduced antibiotic use and hospital stay in hospitalized young children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mageswary MU, Ang XY, Lee BK, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Probiotics with vitamin C for the prevention of upper respiratory tract symptoms in children aged 3-10 years: randomised controlled trial. Garaiova I, Paduchová Z, Nagyová Z, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium bifidumLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2021 Effect of Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation on URTI Symptoms and Cytokine Production by Monocytes after a Marathon Race: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Study. Tavares-Silva E, Caris AV, Santos SA, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium bifidumLacticaseibacillus paracaseiLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to R848 in children after supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM/Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07. DeMuri GP, Lehtoranta LM, Eickhoff JC, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Cell reports. Medicine · 2026 Early-life immune imprinting by a B. infantis-HMO synbiotic shapes infant immune signatures and protects against experimental respiratory disease. Rashid RB, Chung CK, Namubiru P, et al. Bifidobacterium longumBifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Molecular insights into lower respiratory tract microbiota reveal disease-specific biomarkers and shared microbial networks in asthma and COPD. Huang Y, Zhao Y, Xin X, et al. Haemophilus parainfluenzaeKlebsiella pneumoniaeVeillonella parvula PubMed ↗
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2026 Integrating lung microbiome, amino acid metabolism, and host immune response in elderly patients for severe lower respiratory Infections diagnosis: a multi-omics study. Qi T, Liu Q, Li M, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Virologica Sinica · 2026 Metatranscriptomics uncovers host immune and microbiome signatures specific to and shared between human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in children. Zhao H, Yin J, Dong Y, et al. Streptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
BioMed research international · 2026 Shifts in the Lung Microbiota and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occur With Aging in Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Chen X, Dong T, Wu D, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025 Synbiotic Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Fructans from Agave salmiana on the Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Children Under Antibiotics. Álvarez-Zapata M, García-Soto MJ, Salazar-Martínez A, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae PubMed ↗
The Lancet. Microbe · 2025 Investigation of associations between the neonatal gut microbiota and severe viral lower respiratory tract infections in the first 2 years of life: a birth cohort study with metagenomics. Garcia-Mauriño C, Shao Y, Miltz A, et al. Bifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Wiadomosci lekarskie · 2025 Cytomorphological characteristics of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in children with acute respiratory infections. Horlenko OM, Pikina IY, Pushkarenko OA, et al. Enterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine · 2024 Influence of the combination of mineral water and ciprofloxacin on the interaction form of individual representatives of the upper respiratory tract mucosa microbiota in vitro. Rusakova M, Gushcha S, Sierpińska LE, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2024 Integrating respiratory microbiome and host immune response through machine learning for respiratory tract infection diagnosis. Chen H, Qi T, Guo S, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Tropical biomedicine · 2024 Antibiotic use in a co-infection of respiratory syncytial virus and pathogenic bacteria in children in a resource-limited setting in northeast Peninsular Malaysia. Liew CSL, Guad RM, Taylor-Robinson AW, et al. Bacillus subtilis PubMed ↗
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024 Sequencing Methods to Study the Microbiome with Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Patients with Pulmonary Infections. Dong T, Wang Y, Qi C, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024 Deciphering the microbial landscape of lower respiratory tract infections: insights from metagenomics and machine learning. Li J, Xiong A, Wang J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
BMC infectious diseases · 2024 Gut microbial features may influence antiviral IgG levels after vaccination against viral respiratory infectious diseases: the evidence from two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization. Tu J, Wang Y, Ye X, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗