Review mBio · 2026 Fungal-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract: from microbial interplay to clinical implications. Pauls LG, Ribeiro MM, Goldman GH, et al. Staphylococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2026 Preventing otitis media and respiratory tract infections with the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Halley C, Honeywill C, Kang J, et al. Streptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
Review Journal of bacteriology · 2026 The redefined identity of Prevotella: new implications for oral, respiratory, and vaginal health. Ntamubano S, Parker D, Kozik AJ Prevotella PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Nutrients · 2026 Strain-Specific Effects of Early-Life Probiotic Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Carnazzo SM, Sinagra E, Raimondo D, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of nutrition · 2026 Probiotic modulation of gut microbiota with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 mitigates recurrent respiratory infections in children: a randomised-controlled trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarumAnaerostipes PubMed ↗
Review The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026 Microbiota, Mucus, and Modulators: Cystic Fibrosis Infection Pathogenesis in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Era. Thornton CS, Bouzek DC, Caverly LJ Staphylococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Microbial pathogenesis · 2026 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 modulates the infant gut-lung axis via microbial and metabolic reprogramming. Ma R, Jia B, Zhang X, et al. Bifidobacterium longumRoseburia hominisEubacteriumStaphylococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2026 Probiotic intervention not beneficial to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in absence of antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption. Merenstein D, Grant-Beurmann S, Sanders ME, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Clinical infectious diseases · 2026 Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in South African Infants With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study of the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Claassen-Weitz S, Xia Y, Hannan L, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniaeAlloprevotellaHaemophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026 Probiotic Supplementation Reduces RRTIs and Enhances Gut Microbial and Immunity in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis International journal of infectious diseases · 2025 Bacteria in RSV-infected children: A systematic review and meta-analysis in the context of recent microbiome research. Kenmoe S, Liang J, Bibi A, et al. Haemophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2025 A probiotic containing L. plantarum and P. acidilactici strains for treating upper respiratory infection in children aged 6 months to 5 years: a randomized, double-blind trial. Andrade-Platas D, Martinez-Figueroa MG, Rodriguez-Palmero M, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarumPediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis The Journal of nutrition · 2025 Probiotics in Term Infants: Clinical Impact of Infant-Type Bifidobacteria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Sjælland MA, Philipsen MT, Henriksen TB, et al. Bifidobacterium PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025 Lower respiratory tract co-infection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus shapes microbial landscape and clinical outcomes in children. Yu X, Yang X, Song Y, et al. Streptococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2025 Effects of probiotic yogurt on relative respiratory tract infections, urine, saliva biomarkers, and fecal bacterial load in Ugandan children: a randomized controlled trial. Sybesma W, Westerik N, Dalukdeniya C, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial JAMA network open · 2025 Probiotics and Fever Duration in Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bettocchi S, Comotti A, Elli M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium breveLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Therapeutic Potential of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 on Gut and Respiratory Health in Infant. Richmond RV, Mageswary U, Ali A, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Systematic review International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Comparison of Respiratory Microbiomes in Influenza Versus Other Respiratory Infections: Systematic Review and Analysis. Hao Y, Lee YJ, Yap K, et al. ActinomycesGranulicatellaHaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Observational Cell reports. Medicine · 2024 The respiratory microbiome is linked to the severity of RSV infections and the persistence of symptoms in children. Kristensen M, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Wildenbeest J, et al. HaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Review European respiratory review · 2024 Changing profile of bacterial infection and microbiome in cystic fibrosis: when to use antibiotics in the era of CFTR-modulator therapy. Milczewska J, Syunyaeva Z, Żabińska-Jaroń A, et al. Staphylococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 The Effectiveness of Heat-Killed Pediococcus acidilactici K15 in Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Takeshita K, Hishiki H, Takei H, et al. Pediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Microbiology spectrum · 2024 Changes in the pharyngeal and nasal microbiota in pediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Del Chierico F, Piazzesi A, Fiscarelli EV, et al. GemellaGranulicatellaHaemophilusRothia +1 more PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Frontiers in immunology · 2024 Heyndrickxia coagulans strain SANK70258 suppresses symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection via immune modulation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, comparative study. Aida M, Togawa N, Mizuyama K, et al. Heyndrickxia coagulans PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in immunology · 2024 Oropharyngeal microbial ecosystem perturbations influence the risk for acute respiratory infections in common variable immunodeficiency. Pulvirenti F, Giufrè M, Pentimalli TM, et al. HaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Observational Gates open research · 2024 Nasopharyngeal Dysbiosis Precedes the Development of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Infants, a Longitudinal Infant Cohort Study. Lapidot R, Faits T, Ismail A, et al. BacillusStaphylococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 Efficacy and safety of a synbiotic infant formula for the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Piloquet H, Vrignaud B, Gillaizeau F, et al. Limosilactobacillus fermentum PubMed ↗
Systematic review Viruses · 2024 Respiratory and Gut Microbiome Modification during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review. Yagi K, Lukacs NW, Huffnagle GB, et al. HaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Review Current opinion in microbiology · 2024 Insights into the role of the respiratory tract microbiome in defense against bacterial pneumonia. Drigot ZG, Clark SE PrevotellaVeillonella PubMed ↗
Observational EBioMedicine · 2023 Mycoplasma pneumoniae carriage in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections is associated with a less diverse and altered microbiota. Koenen MH, de Groot RCA, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, et al. HaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2023 Efficient symptomatic treatment and viral load reduction for children with influenza virus infection by nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics. Tran TT, Phung TTB, Tran DM, et al. Bacillus subtilis PubMed ↗
Observational Pediatric pulmonology · 2023 Impact of the bacterial nasopharyngeal microbiota on the severity of genus enterovirus lower respiratory tract infection in children: A case-control study. Penela-Sánchez D, Rocafort M, Henares D, et al. Haemophilus PubMed ↗
Review Intensive & critical care nursing · 2022 Impact of air pollution on respiratory microbiome: A narrative review. Vieceli T, Tejada S, Martinez-Reviejo R, et al. HaemophilusStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2022 Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 in the symptom management of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a double blind, placebo-controlled randomised study. Madempudi RS, Neelamraju J, Ahire JJ, et al. Bacillus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2022 Comparison of two probiotics in follow-on formula: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 reduced upper respiratory tract infections in Chinese infants. Dekker J, Quilter M, Qian H Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022 Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Lancet. Microbe · 2022 The association between early-life gut microbiota and childhood respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Alcazar CG, Paes VM, Shao Y, et al. FaecalibacteriumRoseburiaRuminococcus PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022 Microbiota profiles in pre-school children with respiratory infections: Modifications induced by the oral bacterial lysate OM-85. Esposito S, Ballarini S, Argentiero A, et al. HaemophilusRuminococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Voprosy pitaniia · 2022 [The effectiveness of BIFIFORM KIDS in the prevention of the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children]. Shikh EV, Drozdov VN, Vorobieva OA, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosusEnterococcus PubMed ↗
Review Frontiers in immunology · 2022 The Beneficial Role of Probiotic Lactobacillus in Respiratory Diseases. Du T, Lei A, Zhang N, et al. Lactobacillus PubMed ↗
Observational Nature microbiology · 2022 Early-life viral infections are associated with disadvantageous immune and microbiota profiles and recurrent respiratory infections. de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Watson RL, de Koff EM, et al. Haemophilus PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis PloS one · 2022 Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications: A systematic review. Woodall CA, McGeoch LJ, Hay AD, et al. EnterococcusRuminococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG DSM 33156 effects on pathogen defence in the upper respiratory tract: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled paediatric trial. Damholt A, Keller MK, Baranowski K, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2021 Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation with a Product Containing Human-Native S. salivarius K12 in Healthy Adults Increases Oral S. salivarius. Cernioglo K, Kalanetra KM, Meier A, et al. Streptococcus salivariusBifidobacterium animalisLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pharmaceutical biology · 2021 Effect of fermented milk on upper respiratory tract infection in adults who lived in the haze area of Northern China: a randomized clinical trial. Zhang H, Miao J, Su M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of nutrition · 2021 Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 treated and prevented acute RTI, reduced antibiotic use and hospital stay in hospitalized young children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mageswary MU, Ang XY, Lee BK, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Microbial genomics · 2021 Differential nasopharyngeal microbiota composition in children according to respiratory health status. Henares D, Brotons P, de Sevilla MF, et al. Streptococcus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Probiotics with vitamin C for the prevention of upper respiratory tract symptoms in children aged 3-10 years: randomised controlled trial. Garaiova I, Paduchová Z, Nagyová Z, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium bifidumLactobacillus acidophilus PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Clinical microbiology and infection · 2021 The association between bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Claassen-Weitz S, Lim KYL, Mullally C, et al. HaemophilusKlebsiella PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2021 Effect of Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation on URTI Symptoms and Cytokine Production by Monocytes after a Marathon Race: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Study. Tavares-Silva E, Caris AV, Santos SA, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium bifidumLacticaseibacillus paracaseiLactobacillus acidophilus +1 more PubMed ↗
Systematic review European journal of nutrition · 2021 Modulation of gut microbiota protects against viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of animal and clinical studies. Shi HY, Zhu X, Li WL, et al. BifidobacteriumLactobacillusLactococcus PubMed ↗