Clinical trial Translational psychiatry · 2026 Multi-strain probiotic intervention in adults with depressive and anxiety symptoms: A 12-Week pilot study. Ovadia YS, Okal T, Gefel D, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial BMC psychiatry · 2026 Exploring brain-gut interaction mechanisms in Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder. Ma Y, Sun J, Guo C, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Observational CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026 Continuous Alterations in the Gut Microbial Landscape Associated With Suicidal Ideation in First-Episode Drug-naïve Major Depressive Disorder. Liang L, Chen S, Zhu B, et al. Bacteroides eggerthiiBacteroides stercorisBifidobacterium pseudocatenulatumFaecalibacillus intestinalis PubMed ↗
Observational Journal of affective disorders · 2026 Integrative multi-kingdom gut microbiome analysis uncovers clinical signatures of major depressive disorder. Chen S, Zhu B, Lu X, et al. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum PubMed ↗
Observational mSystems · 2026 Gut microbiome signatures associated with depression and obesity. Mora-Martínez C, Molina-Mendoza G, Cenit MC, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Gut microbes · 2025 Multi-species probiotic supplement enhances vagal nerve function - results of a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression and healthy controls. Mörkl S, Narrath M, Schlotmann D, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Observational Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024 Comparative analysis of gut microbiota in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia during hospitalisation - the case-control, post hoc study. Misera A, Kaczmarczyk M, Łoniewski I, et al. [Ruminococcus] torques PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2024 Probiotics and magnesium orotate for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomised double blind controlled trial. Strodl E, Bambling M, Parnam S, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidumStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022 Efficacy of a food supplement based on S-adenosyl methionine and probiotic strains in subjects with subthreshold depression and mild-to-moderate depression: A monocentric, randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ullah H, Di Minno A, Esposito C, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Review Nutrients · 2022 Overlapping Mechanisms of Action of Brain-Active Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in the Pathogenesis of Common Brain Diseases. Eicher TP, Mohajeri MH Agathobacter rectalis PubMed ↗
Observational Nature genetics · 2022 Combined effects of host genetics and diet on human gut microbiota and incident disease in a single population cohort. Qin Y, Havulinna AS, Liu Y, et al. Enterococcus faecalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021 Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 attenuates major depression disorder via regulating gut microbiome and tryptophan metabolism: A randomized clinical trial. Tian P, Chen Y, Zhu H, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
International immunopharmacology · 2026 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii attenuates diabetes-associated affective disorders by suppressing neuroinflammation through the SCFAs/FFAR3/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Zhang Y, Mo D, Huang Q, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2026 An immunometabolic signature of major depressive disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ellul P, Tchitchek N, Kvedaraviciute G, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026 Functional shotgun metagenomic insights into gut microbial pathway and enzyme disruptions linking metabolism, affect, cognition, and suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder. Maes M, Almulla AF, Vasupanrajit A, et al. Anaerobutyricum halliiFaecalibacterium prausnitziiMediterraneibacter gnavusVescimonas coprocola PubMed ↗
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026 Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomic Profiling to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Major Depressive Disorder. Lee H, Lee MH, Seo SH, et al. Lachnospira eligens PubMed ↗
mBio · 2025 Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic perturbations of bile/glyceric acids in major depressive disorder with IBS comorbidity. Du J-Y, Zhang Z-J, Tan L, et al. [Clostridium] scindensEggerthella lenta PubMed ↗
Omics · 2025 Alterations in Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Major Depressive Disorder as Identified by Machine Learning. Oncu AD, Ozgur A, Ulgen KO Bifidobacterium adolescentis PubMed ↗
Journal of psychiatric research · 2024 A further examination of growth factors, T helper 1 polarization, and the gut microbiome in major depression: Associations with reoccurrence of illness, cognitive functions, suicidal behaviors, and quality of life. Maes M, Zhou B, Vasupanrajit A, et al. Parabacteroides distasonis PubMed ↗
Food & function · 2024 Determining the emotional regulation function of Bifidobacterium breve: the role of gut metabolite regulation over colonization capability. Qian X, Tian P, Guo M, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
BMC psychiatry · 2024 Differences in bacterial taxa between treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder and non-affected controls may be related to a proinflammatory profile. Knudsen JK, Bundgaard-Nielsen C, Leutscher P, et al. Mediterraneibacter gnavus PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2023 Gut feelings: the relations between depression, anxiety, psychotropic drugs and the gut microbiome. Brushett S, Gacesa R, Vich Vila A, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidumRuminococcus bromii PubMed ↗
Molecular neurobiology · 2023 Microbiota Alters and Its Correlation with Molecular Regulation Underlying Depression in PCOS Patients. Yu L, Chen X, Bai X, et al. [Ruminococcus] torquesBacteroides eggerthiiCoprococcus comes PubMed ↗
International journal of molecular sciences · 2023 Unveiling the Connection between Microbiota and Depressive Disorder through Machine Learning. Angelova IY, Kovtun AS, Averina OV, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2023 Strains of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and its extracts reduce blood glucose levels, percent HbA1c, and improve glucose tolerance without causing hypoglycemic side effects in diabetic and prediabetic mice. Kallassy J, Gagnon E, Rosenberg D, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Cells · 2023 Exploration of the Gut Microbiome in Thai Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Shows a Specific Bacterial Profile with Depletion of the Ruminococcus Genus as a Putative Biomarker. Maes M, Vasupanrajit A, Jirakran K, et al. Coprococcus comesEnterocloster bolteaeHungatella hathewayiKlebsiella pneumoniae +1 more PubMed ↗
Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2023 Adverse childhood experiences and reoccurrence of illness impact the gut microbiome, which affects suicidal behaviours and the phenome of major depression: towards enterotypic phenotypes. Maes M, Vasupanrajit A, Jirakran K, et al. Parabacteroides merdae PubMed ↗
Journal of advanced research · 2022 Multi-Probiotics ameliorate Major depressive disorder and accompanying gastrointestinal syndromes via serotonergic system regulation. Tian P, Zou R, Wang L, et al. Bifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022 Bacteroides species differentially modulate depression-like behavior via gut-brain metabolic signaling. Zhang Y, Fan Q, Hou Y, et al. Bacteroides caccaeBacteroides fragilisBacteroides ovatusBacteroides uniformis PubMed ↗
Journal of psychiatric research · 2022 Antidepressant effects of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 through the regulation of prefrontal cortical myelination via the enhancement of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB p65/LIF/STAT3 pathways in olfactory bulbectomized mice. Takahashi K, Kurokawa K, Hong L, et al. Enterococcus faecalis PubMed ↗
Translational psychiatry · 2022 A pilot exploration of multi-omics research of gut microbiome in major depressive disorders. Zhao H, Jin K, Jiang C, et al. Ruminococcus bromii PubMed ↗
Animal study Phytomedicine · 2026 Targeting astrocytic Nrf2 by Trilobatin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in mice: Mechanistic insights into gut microbiota and metabolites modulation. Gao J, Yi Y, Ran W, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Animal study Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022 Sex differences on the response to antidepressants and psychobiotics following early life stress in rats. Carlessi AS, Botelho MEM, Manosso LM, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Animal study Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021 A next-generation probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Ding Y, Bu F, Chen T, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Animal study Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021 Heat-sterilized Bifidobacterium breve prevents depression-like behavior and interleukin-1β expression in mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress. Kosuge A, Kunisawa K, Arai S, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of human nutrition and dietetics · 2019 Effect of probiotic and prebiotic versus placebo on appetite in patients with major depressive disorder: post hoc analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Djafarian K Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational Nature microbiology · 2018 GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota. Strandwitz P, Kim KH, Terekhova D, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Clinical nutrition · 2018 Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Azam K, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Journal of affective disorders · 2020 Reduced anti-inflammatory gut microbiota are associated with depression and anhedonia. Mason BL, Li Q, Minhajuddin A, et al. [Clostridium] leptum PubMed ↗
Nutrition journal · 2019 The study evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on the mental status, inflammation, and intestinal barrier in major depressive disorder patients using gluten-free or gluten-containing diet (SANGUT study): a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study protocol. Karakula-Juchnowicz H, Rog J, Juchnowicz D, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗