Systematic review Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila: driving the multiple sclerosis-a systematic review. Ahmadi S, Sedaghat FR, Asl YM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Review Brain and behavior · 2026 Modulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Approach in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Gut-Brain Interactions and Immune Pathways: A Narrative Review. Thalib HI, Fatima N, Fakruddin FH, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacteriumRoseburia PubMed ↗
Observational Scientific reports · 2025 Gut dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis patients: a comparative analysis in fecal samples. Rasoulian P, Akhgarjand C, Houjaghani H, et al. Bacteroides fragilisFaecalibacterium prausnitziiBifidobacterium PubMed ↗
Observational EBioMedicine · 2025 Alterations of the nasal and oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis. Li S, Montini F, Song A, et al. PrevotellaStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Review Trends in neurosciences · 2025 The multifaceted roles of Akkermansia muciniphila in neurological disorders. Ma X, Liu Q, Yang G Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis PloS one · 2025 The potential effectiveness of probiotics in reducing multiple sclerosis progression in preclinical and clinical studies: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis. Zangeneh Z, Rostamian M, Motamedi H, et al. BifidobacteriumPrevotella PubMed ↗
Systematic review Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2024 The multiple sclerosis gut microbiome and disease activity: A systematic review. Jette S, de Schaetzen C, Tsai CC, et al. [Clostridium] scindensCollinsella aerofaciensRoseburia inulinivorans PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Genome medicine · 2024 Meta-analysis identifies common gut microbiota associated with multiple sclerosis. Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Mirza A, et al. ActinomycesBacteroidesFaecalibacteriumPrevotella PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of sport science · 2024 Impact of dance classes on motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition in multiple sclerosis patients: Randomized controlled trial. Adamová LM, Slezáková D, Hric I, et al. [Ruminococcus] torquesBlautia PubMed ↗
Review Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2024 The hidden link: How oral and respiratory microbiomes affect multiple sclerosis. Jameie M, Ahli B, Ghadir S, et al. BacteroidesFusobacteriumStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Observational Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023 A cross-sectional study of MRI features and the gut microbiome in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Zhu F, Zhao Y, Arnold DL, et al. CoprococcusThomasclavelia PubMed ↗
Systematic review Journal of neurology · 2023 Disease-modifying therapies used to treat multiple sclerosis and the gut microbiome: a systematic review. Tsai W, Jette S, Tremlett H Ruthenibacterium lactatiformansActinomycesBacteroidesClostridium +3 more PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2023 The effect of probiotic supplementation on the clinical and para-clinical findings of multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Asghari KM, Dolatkhah N, Ayromlou H, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae PubMed ↗
Review Expert review of neurotherapeutics · 2023 The role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in treating patients with multiple sclerosis. Zhanel GG, Keynan R, Keynan Y, et al. Sutterella PubMed ↗
Systematic review Cells · 2023 The Role of Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. Dunalska A, Saramak K, Szejko N AkkermansiaBlautiaDoreaFaecalibacterium +1 more PubMed ↗
Systematic review International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023 Changes in Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Ordoñez-Rodriguez A, Roman P, Rueda-Ruzafa L, et al. AkkermansiaBlautiaButyricicoccusCoprococcus +5 more PubMed ↗
Systematic review International journal of molecular sciences · 2022 What Are the Key Gut Microbiota Involved in Neurological Diseases? A Systematic Review. Bonnechère B, Amin N, van Duijn C AkkermansiaButyricicoccusCoprococcusDorea +5 more PubMed ↗
Observational Scientific reports · 2022 B-cell-depletion reverses dysbiosis of the microbiome in multiple sclerosis patients. Troci A, Zimmermann O, Esser D, et al. Escherichia PubMed ↗
Clinical trial PloS one · 2021 Bacterial variation in the oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients. Zangeneh Z, Abdi-Ali A, Khamooshian K, et al. ActinomycesFusobacteriumVeillonella PubMed ↗
Clinical trial BMC biology · 2021 Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Jenkins TP, Pritchard DI, Tanasescu R, et al. Parabacteroides PubMed ↗
Systematic review Gut microbes · 2021 Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review. Blais LL, Montgomery TL, Amiel E, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus paracaseiPrevotella PubMed ↗
mSystems · 2026 Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients. Soler-Sáez I, Galiana-Roselló C, Grillo-Risco R, et al. EggerthellaEisenbergiella PubMed ↗
Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026 Gut microbiome modulation by Veillonella ratti induces resistance to EAE pathogenesis via microbe-derived metabolites. Sittipo P, Park JY, Tiffany E, et al. Veillonella PubMed ↗
Genes and immunity · 2026 Potential role of Akkermansia massiliensis in multiple sclerosis protection by the FcRL3 gene. Orrù V, Marongiu M, Cocco E, et al. Akkermansia PubMed ↗
Mucosal immunology · 2026 Mucin degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila promotes Alistipes-dependent tryptophan metabolism and Th17-driven autoimmunity. Lin X, Singh A, Shan X, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaAlistipes onderdonkii PubMed ↗
Multiple sclerosis · 2026 Tobacco smoking disrupts bile acid and tryptophan metabolism in multiple sclerosis. Briggs FB, Litwiler J, Montini F, et al. Lachnoclostridium PubMed ↗
Microbiome · 2026 IL-17A deficiency in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice enriches beneficial Prevotella species in gut to promote Tregs and reduce CNS autoimmunity. Shahi SK, Ghimire S, Jensen SN, et al. Segatella copri PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2026 Deconfounded, quantitative microbiome profiling identifies robust multiple sclerosis markers and clinical covariate associations. Pauwels A, Devolder L, Falony G, et al. AkkermansiaBacteroidesBlautiaButyricicoccus +4 more PubMed ↗
Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026 Immune Cells as Mediators Between Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: Insights From Mendelian Randomization. Ning P, Mu X, Zhang X, et al. Roseburia PubMed ↗
NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026 Multikingdom microbiome-based machine learning enables multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Zhu G, Yang G Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Brain and behavior · 2026 Predicting Dietary Impact on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Symptoms With the Gut Microbiome: A Pilot Study Using Unsupervised Machine Learning. Meza LA, Fitzjerrells RL, Shemirani F, et al. AkkermansiaAlistipesBacteroidesBarnesiella +2 more PubMed ↗
Mediators of inflammation · 2026 Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Regulate CASP3 and Neuroimmune Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Multiomics Study. Li Li, Liu H, Ye Z, et al. Akkermansia PubMed ↗
Journal of molecular medicine · 2026 Spinal fluid antibody profile against bacteria demonstrates intrathecal antibody production in demyelinating diseases. Polidoro EE, Stosiek N, Laman JD, et al. AlistipesHaemophilusVeillonella PubMed ↗
Current neurovascular research · 2026 Immune-gut-metabolite Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Study. Liu Z, Kuang L, Zhou X, et al. Bacteroides PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2025 Case Report: Fecal microbiota transplantation via capsules ameliorated clinical outcomes in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Bibbò S, De Maio F, Capone F, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025 Multiple sclerosis patients exhibit oral dysbiosis with decreased early colonizers and lower hypotaurine level. Fitzjerrells RL, Meza LA, Yadav M, et al. ActinomycesFusobacteriumPrevotellaStreptococcus PubMed ↗
Molecular neurobiology · 2025 Decoding the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis Using Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing: Insights into Disease Severity and Subtypes. Alshinnawy AS, Badiea EA, Swelam MS, et al. Enterococcus faeciumFaecalibacterium butyricigeneransRomboutsia timonensisRuminococcus bromii +1 more PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2025 Understanding the microbiome in autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplant for multiple sclerosis. Yin J, Kaakoush NO, Massey J, et al. Veillonella PubMed ↗
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025 Influence of oral and skin microbiota on multiple sclerosis risk and severity: A mendelian randomization analysis. Zancan V, Nasello M, Diamant S, et al. Veillonella dispar PubMed ↗
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025 Multiple sclerosis and gut microbiota: Lachnospiraceae from the ileum of MS twins trigger MS-like disease in germfree transgenic mice-An unbiased functional study. Yoon H, Gerdes LA, Beigel F, et al. Anaerotruncus colihominisEisenbergiellaLachnoclostridium PubMed ↗