Systematic review Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila: driving the multiple sclerosis-a systematic review. Ahmadi S, Sedaghat FR, Asl YM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Review Brain and behavior · 2026 Modulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Approach in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Gut-Brain Interactions and Immune Pathways: A Narrative Review. Thalib HI, Fatima N, Fakruddin FH, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Observational Scientific reports · 2025 Gut dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis patients: a comparative analysis in fecal samples. Rasoulian P, Akhgarjand C, Houjaghani H, et al. Bacteroides fragilisFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Review Trends in neurosciences · 2025 The multifaceted roles of Akkermansia muciniphila in neurological disorders. Ma X, Liu Q, Yang G Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Systematic review Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2024 The multiple sclerosis gut microbiome and disease activity: A systematic review. Jette S, de Schaetzen C, Tsai CC, et al. [Clostridium] scindensCollinsella aerofaciensRoseburia inulinivorans PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of sport science · 2024 Impact of dance classes on motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition in multiple sclerosis patients: Randomized controlled trial. Adamová LM, Slezáková D, Hric I, et al. [Ruminococcus] torques PubMed ↗
Systematic review Journal of neurology · 2023 Disease-modifying therapies used to treat multiple sclerosis and the gut microbiome: a systematic review. Tsai W, Jette S, Tremlett H Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans PubMed ↗
Systematic review Gut microbes · 2021 Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review. Blais LL, Montgomery TL, Amiel E, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Mucosal immunology · 2026 Mucin degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila promotes Alistipes-dependent tryptophan metabolism and Th17-driven autoimmunity. Lin X, Singh A, Shan X, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaAlistipes onderdonkii PubMed ↗
Microbiome · 2026 IL-17A deficiency in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice enriches beneficial Prevotella species in gut to promote Tregs and reduce CNS autoimmunity. Shahi SK, Ghimire S, Jensen SN, et al. Segatella copri PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2025 Case Report: Fecal microbiota transplantation via capsules ameliorated clinical outcomes in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Bibbò S, De Maio F, Capone F, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Molecular neurobiology · 2025 Decoding the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis Using Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing: Insights into Disease Severity and Subtypes. Alshinnawy AS, Badiea EA, Swelam MS, et al. Enterococcus faeciumFaecalibacterium butyricigeneransRomboutsia timonensisRuminococcus bromii PubMed ↗
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025 Influence of oral and skin microbiota on multiple sclerosis risk and severity: A mendelian randomization analysis. Zancan V, Nasello M, Diamant S, et al. Veillonella dispar PubMed ↗
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025 Multiple sclerosis and gut microbiota: Lachnospiraceae from the ileum of MS twins trigger MS-like disease in germfree transgenic mice-An unbiased functional study. Yoon H, Gerdes LA, Beigel F, et al. Anaerotruncus colihominis PubMed ↗
Cell reports. Medicine · 2025 Gut microbiota and metabolites are linked to disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Schwerdtfeger LA, Montini F, Lanser TB, et al. Anaerobutyricum hallii PubMed ↗
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025 Specific microbial ratio in the gut microbiome is associated with multiple sclerosis. Ghimire S, Lehman PC, Aguilar Meza LS, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaBifidobacterium adolescentisBlautia wexleraeSegatella copri PubMed ↗
Neurology · 2025 Alterations in Gut Microbiome-Host Relationships After Immune Perturbation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Gupta VK, Janda GS, Pump HK, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Nature microbiology · 2024 Gut microbial factors predict disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Steimle A, Neumann M, Grant ET, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023 The role of multiple sclerosis therapies on the dynamic of human gut microbiota. Vacaras V, Muresanu DF, Buzoianu AD, et al. Enterococcus faecalis PubMed ↗
Genome medicine · 2023 The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity. Thirion F, Sellebjerg F, Fan Y, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Microbiome · 2022 Mining the microbiota to identify gut commensals modulating neuroinflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Bianchimano P, Britton GJ, Wallach DS, et al. Anaerotruncus colihominis PubMed ↗
Cell · 2022 Gut microbiome of multiple sclerosis patients and paired household healthy controls reveal associations with disease risk and course. iMSMS Consortium. Electronic address: sergio.baranzini@ucsf.edu, iMSMS Consortium Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitziiHungatella hathewayiRuthenibacterium lactatiformans PubMed ↗
Complementary therapies in clinical practice · 2021 Home-based exercise training influences gut bacterial levels in multiple sclerosis. Mokhtarzade M, Molanouri Shamsi M, Abolhasani M, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021 Detection of Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability in Brazilian Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Pellizoni FP, Leite AZ, Rodrigues NC, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaPhocaeicola vulgatus PubMed ↗
Animal study Frontiers in immunology · 2025 Colonization by Akkermansia muciniphila modulates central nervous system autoimmunity in an ecological context-dependent manner. Peipert D, Montgomery TL, Toppen LC, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Animal study Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021 Curcumin β-D-Glucuronide Modulates an Autoimmune Model of Multiple Sclerosis with Altered Gut Microbiota in the Ileum and Feces. Khadka S, Omura S, Sato F, et al. Alistipes finegoldiiRuminococcus bromii PubMed ↗
Observational Neurologia · 2020 The influence of interferon β-1b on gut microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis. Castillo-Álvarez F, Pérez-Matute P, Oteo JA, et al. Segatella copri PubMed ↗
Systematic review Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2019 The multiple sclerosis gut microbiota: A systematic review. Mirza A, Forbes JD, Zhu F, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaBacteroides fragilisFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Cell host & microbe · 2019 Oral Administration of miR-30d from Feces of MS Patients Suppresses MS-like Symptoms in Mice by Expanding Akkermansia muciniphila. Liu S, Rezende RM, Moreira TG, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2018 [The intestinal microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving different disease-modifying therapies DMT]. Abdurasulova IN, Tarasova EA, Nikiforova IG, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2017 Bifidobacterium animalis in combination with human origin of Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate neuroinflammation in experimental model of multiple sclerosis by altering CD4+ T cell subset balance. Salehipour Z, Haghmorad D, Sankian M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017 Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models. Cekanaviciute E, Yoo BB, Runia TF, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaParabacteroides distasonis PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017 Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Small Cohort of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Was Generally Free of Microbial DNA. Jovel J, O'keefe S, Patterson J, et al. Veillonella parvula PubMed ↗
Animal study Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2019 Combination of cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by altering the gut microbiome. Al-Ghezi ZZ, Busbee PB, Alghetaa H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗