Randomized trial Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026 Probiotic Supplementation and Executive Function in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Parhiz A, Samani P, Kamali M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial BMC psychiatry · 2025 Effects of kefir on symptoms, sleep, and gut microbiota in children with ADHD: a randomised controlled trial. Lawrence K, Fibert P, Toribio-Mateas M, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis PubMed ↗
Systematic review Journal of psychiatric research · 2025 A systematic review on the associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and gut microbiome. Dias MF, Nogueira YJA, de Albuquerque GS, et al. Mediterraneibacter gnavus PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025 Efficacy and Safety of a Probiotic Mixture Containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRa05 in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Niu Q, Wang W, Liang Y, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutritional neuroscience · 2024 Effect of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy with Ritalin among ADHD children and adolescents: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial. Sangsefidi ZS, Sangsefidi ZS, Moharreri F, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 Add-On Bifidobacterium Bifidum Supplement in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 12-Week Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Wang LJ, Tsai CS, Chou WJ, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Systematic review Pediatric research · 2022 Gut microbiome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Gkougka D, Mitropoulos K, Tzanakaki G, et al. Bacteroides uniformisFaecalibacterium prausnitziiOdoribacter splanchnicus PubMed ↗
Systematic review Journal of attention disorders · 2022 The Role of Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Pathophysiology of ADHD: A Systematic Review. Shirvani-Rad S, Ejtahed HS, Ettehad Marvasti F, et al. Bacteroides ovatusBacteroides uniformis PubMed ↗
Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024 Gut microbiota composition links to variation in functional domains across psychiatric disorders. Mulder D, Jakobi B, Shi Y, et al. [Ruminococcus] torques PubMed ↗
Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023 Bacterial gut microbiome differences in adults with ADHD and in children with ADHD on psychostimulant medication. Stiernborg M, Debelius JW, Yang LL, et al. Bacteroides stercoris PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2022 Gut metagenomic characteristics of ADHD reveal low Bacteroides ovatus-associated host cognitive impairment. Li Y, Sun H, Huang Y, et al. Bacteroides ovatus PubMed ↗
Animal study Journal of dairy science · 2025 Early-life 2'-fucosyllactose and its combination with Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115: Sex-specific effects in learning, spatial memory, and hyperactivity in juvenile spontaneous hypertensive rats as an attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder model. Yang Y, Wu S, Liu J, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Animal study Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025 [Early life Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 intervention alleviates hyperactivity of juvenile female rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Yang Y, Wang K, Liu J, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Animal study Food & function · 2024 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 attenuates hippocampal damage and memory impairments in an ADHD rat model. Yin X, Liu W, Feng H, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗