Randomized trial Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026 Effects of age, sex, and renal function on bowel movement-improving effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 on constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: A prespecified subgroup analysis of the BIRDIE study. Ikeda F, Sato J, Yoshii H, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Observational Renal failure · 2026 Gut microbiota biomarkers of chronic kidney disease progression identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and machine learning. Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liu S, et al. Lachnospira eligens PubMed ↗
Review Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026 Gut microbiota and renal fibrosis: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Liu LM, He XF, Zhang YL, et al. Bacteroides fragilisBacteroides ovatusBifidobacterium animalisEggerthella lenta PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026 Efficacy of probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease complicated by constipation: An exploratory, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study (BIRDIE study). Ikeda F, Sato J, Yoshii H, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Clinical trial Journal of renal nutrition · 2025 Prebiotic Administration to Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Modifies Their Fecal Microbiome and Host Metabolism. Raj DS, Gao B, Sohn MB, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational BMC microbiology · 2024 Does gut microbiota dysbiosis impact the metabolic alterations of hydrogen sulfide and lanthionine in patients with chronic kidney disease? Garcia-Martinez Y, Alexandrova E, Iebba V, et al. Alistipes indistinctusCoprococcus eutactusMediterraneibacter gnavusStreptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 A Symbiotic Meal Containing Extruded Sorghum and Probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum) Ameliorated Intestinal Health Markers in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Secondary Analysis of a Subsample from a Previous Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial. Lúcio HG, Lopes RCSO, Gomes MJC, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pharmaceutical biology · 2024 Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi regulates intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and protects against proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled study. Dong X, Zhang J, Li W, et al. [Clostridium] innocuum PubMed ↗
Review Current nutrition reports · 2024 The Interplay Between Dietary Choline and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Review of Current Evidence. Vallianou NG, Kounatidis D, Psallida S, et al. Akkermansia muciniphilaFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of renal nutrition · 2022 The Impact of Synbiotic Treatment on the Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiome of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients-A Randomized Trial. Mitrović M, Stanković-Popović V, Tolinački M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2022 Probiotics-Supplemented Low-Protein Diet for Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (ProLowCKD): Results from a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. De Mauri A, Carrera D, Bagnati M, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Review Toxins · 2022 Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): An Omics Perspective. Lohia S, Vlahou A, Zoidakis J Bacteroides eggerthiiEggerthella lentaRoseburia faecis PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis International journal of medical sciences · 2021 Effects of Low Protein Diet on Modulating Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of International Studies. Hsu CK, Su SC, Chang LC, et al. Bacteroides eggerthiiRoseburia faecis PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in immunology · 2021 Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Its Association With Serum Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Liu F, Xu X, Chao L, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026 Effects of processed low-protein brown rice on patients with chronic kidney disease. Adachi K, Yasuda M, Ida M, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
International immunopharmacology · 2026 The immunomodulatory metabolite butyrate ameliorates renal fibrosis by restoring gut barrier integrity and suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Liu G, Sun Q, Yan Q, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Science · 2026 Host-derived nitrate fuels indole production by Escherichia coli to drive chronic kidney disease progression. Lee JY, Mahan SP, Parente de Carvalho T, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Life sciences · 2026 Investigating gut microbiome dysbiosis in adults with chronic kidney disease: Diabetes-induced alterations via metagenomics and qPCR. Gunasekaran Rajalakshmi S, K RB, Viswanathan P Bifidobacterium adolescentisFaecalibacterium prausnitzii PubMed ↗
Nature microbiology · 2026 Host factors dictate gut microbiome alterations in chronic kidney disease more strongly than kidney function. Krukowski H, Valkenburg S, Vich Vila A, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis PubMed ↗
Kidney360 · 2025 Lactulose, a Disaccharide Prebiotic, Improves the Gut-Kidney Axis via Enhancement of Akkermansia Muciniphila Production. Sueyoshi M, Watanabe H, Goto M, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗