Clinical trial American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026 Prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery using probiotics: results from a prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial. Yoneda S, Akamata N, Nakamura M, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Observational Cell host & microbe · 2025 Maternal gut microbiome during early pregnancy predicts preterm birth. Miao Z, Hu S, Wu P, et al. [Clostridium] innocuum PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Journal of women's health · 2023 Relationship of Lactobacillus Vaginal Microbiota Changes and the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Zhou Q, Yu Y, Zhou J, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Observational BMC medicine · 2023 Vaginal and neonatal microbiota in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes and consecutive early onset neonatal sepsis. Dos Anjos Borges LG, Pastuschek J, Heimann Y, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2023 Vaginal probiotics on the outcomes of premature rupture of membranes: a pilot randomised clinical trial. Moraes DV, Queiroz DB, Eleutério J Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Observational The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2022 Probiotics including Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis may prevent recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery. Arai EN, Yoneda S, Yoneda N, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Microbiology spectrum · 2026 Longitudinal changes in the vaginal microbiome associate with spontaneous preterm birth: a focus on stability and specific taxa in a Chinese cohort. Yu Y, Zhou J, Zhou Q, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
mSystems · 2026 Longitudinal shifts in oral microbiome composition and metabolic pathways associated with preterm birth. Sarkar M, Maddheshiya A, Tailor P, et al. Haemophilus parainfluenzae PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Vaginal Acinetobacter infection as a cause of cervical collagenolysis. Sun Q, Cai Y Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2025 Shotgun metagenomics of the vaginal microbiome in cervical shortening and preterm birth risk. Lee KY, Shin SH, Park G, et al. Bifidobacterium breveLactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology · 2025 Alterations in vaginal microbiome in women with short cervix: longitudinal study of microbial diversity and impact of vaginal progesterone treatment. Celik E, Ozcan G, Vatansever C, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Contemporary clinical trials · 2024 Preterm-birth-prevention with Lactobacillus crispatus oral probiotics: Protocol for a double blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial (the PrePOP study). Corbett GA, Corcoran S, Feehily C, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
Microbial genomics · 2024 Secretor status is a modifier of vaginal microbiota-associated preterm birth risk. Kundu S, Dos Santos Correia G, Lee YS, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri PubMed ↗
JMIR research protocols · 2024 Prevention of Recurrent Spontaneous Preterm Delivery Using Probiotics (Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis; PPP Trial): Protocol for a Prospective, Single-Arm, Nonblinded, Multicenter Trial. Yoneda S, Kobayashi T, Kikuchi K, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Journal of translational medicine · 2024 Potential roles of the interactions between gut microbiota and metabolites in LPS-induced intrauterine inflammation (IUI) and associated preterm birth (PTB). Jia B, Tang L, Liu H, et al. Parasutterella excrementihominis PubMed ↗
Pediatrics and neonatology · 2023 Change of gut microbiome structure in preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy induced by apnea. Chen G, Li F, Du J Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
mSphere · 2022 Interrelated Effects of Zinc Deficiency and the Microbiome on Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization. Burcham LR, Burcham ZM, Akbari MS, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Animal study Nutrients · 2025 A Combination of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CECT 30660 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 Cell-Free Supernatants Reduces LPS-Induced Preterm Birth and Systemic Inflammation in Pregnant Mice. Quesada-Vázquez S, De Almagro García MC, Cifuentes-Orjuela G, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Animal study Microbiome · 2021 Remodeling of the maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy is shaped by parity. Berry ASF, Pierdon MK, Misic AM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Review European heart journal · 2019 Mechanisms linking preterm birth to onset of cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. Bavineni M, Wassenaar TM, Agnihotri K, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗