Randomized trial Gut microbes · 2026 Synbiotic supplementation leads to gut microbiome communities with functional capacity linked to better brain white matter development in preterm infants. Voulgari-Kokota A, Janson E, Heikamp de Jong I, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Early supplementation with live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium: association with feeding intolerance and gut microbiota composition in antibiotic-exposed preterm infants. Ye C, Li L, Zhang H, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Archives of medical research · 2026 A Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic Intervention for Reducing the Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants. Wang D, Wang S, Wang H, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pediatric research · 2025 L.Fermentum CECT5716 and B.Breve CECT7263 on premature infants morbidities: a randomized clinical trial. Hurtado Suazo JA, Alonso Ojembarrena A, Sánchez Tamayo T, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine · 2025 Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdullahi AM, Zhao S, Xu Y Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2025 Effects of a live versus heat-inactivated probiotic Bifidobacterium spp in preterm infants: a randomised clinical trial. Athalye-Jape G, Esvaran M, Patole S, et al. Bifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial JAMA pediatrics · 2024 Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Probiotics and Gut Dysbiosis in Preterm Infants: The PRIMAL Randomized Clinical Trial. Van Rossum T, Haiß A, Knoll RL, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational Gut microbes · 2024 Pathogen-specific alterations in intestinal microbiota precede urinary tract infections in preterm infants: a longitudinal case-control study. Hong L, Huang Y, Han J, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Observational Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2024 The effect of in-hospital breast milk intake on the gut microbiota of preterm infants. Yang R, Wang H, Chen D, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Medicine · 2023 Can Enterococcus faecium prevent NEC in preterm infants?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Men G, Wang L, Lu X, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Pediatric research · 2023 Bifidobacterium infantis as a probiotic in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Batta VK, Rao SC, Patole SK Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Review Anaerobe · 2023 Bifidobacterium bacteraemia is rare with routine probiotics use in preterm infants: A further case report with literature review. Acuna-Gonzalez A, Kujawska M, Youssif M, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2022 Preterm Infant Fecal Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Are Modulated in a Probiotic Specific Manner. Larke JA, Kuhn-Riordon K, Taft DH, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2022 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Two Probiotics on the Preterms' Gut Microbiota. Moreno-Sanz B, Montes MT, Manzano S, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLigilactobacillus salivarius PubMed ↗
Observational The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022 Early-life formula feeding is associated with infant gut microbiota alterations and an increased antibiotic resistance load. Pärnänen KMM, Hultman J, Markkanen M, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Observational Beneficial microbes · 2021 Effectiveness of two probiotics in preventing necrotising enterocolitis in a cohort of very-low-birth-weight premature new-borns. Uberos J, Campos-Martinez A, Fernandez-Marín E, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Observational Pediatrics and neonatology · 2021 Risk factors for hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants during the first 14 days. Inage Y, Hirano D, Nakagawa A, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Systematic review Nutrients · 2021 Probiotics for Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Network Meta-Analysis. Beghetti I, Panizza D, Lenzi J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Gut microbes · 2021 The effect of early probiotic exposure on the preterm infant gut microbiome development. Hui Y, Smith B, Mortensen MS, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
JAMA network open · 2026 Probiotic Implementation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Risk in Preterm Infants. Imren C, Jongejans V, Onland W, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longumStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2026 Probiotic-conditioned microbiota from preterm infants modulate immune response to pathogen challenge in a microbiota-humanized mouse model. Smout J, Lesker TR, Hoenicke L, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Gut microbiota and metabolome signatures in preterm infants with high versus low risk for neurodevelopmental impairment: a prospective, matched, longitudinal multi-omics study. Tian YP, Li QH, Li YM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026 Probiotic use in French neonatal intensive care units: A nationwide analysis of practice patterns and clinical outcomes. Perazzi C, Lorrain S, Bonsante F, et al. Streptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Temporal dynamics of gut microbiota and virome in preterm infants: insights from longitudinal metagenomic analysis. Huang J, Yan X, Su Q, et al. Enterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Cell host & microbe · 2026 Gut microbiota immaturity with DL-endopeptidase deficiency links antibiotic use to preterm late-onset sepsis. Shen W, Wang H, Wang J, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Current microbiology · 2026 Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Alterations in the Gut Microbiome of Preterm Infants with Extrauterine Growth Restriction. Ni W, Huang H, Wang X, et al. Eggerthella lentaEnterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniaeParabacteroides merdae PubMed ↗
Infection and immunity · 2026 Tracing the early bacterial settlers in preterm and very-low birth-weight infants: first report of microbiota dynamics in South American neonates. Vera J, Vaz Ferreira C, Moraes M, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniaeVeillonella parvula PubMed ↗
FEMS microbiology ecology · 2025 Commensal Clostridia in the preterm gut as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance: susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes. Delannoy J, Ferraris L, Labellie C, et al. [Clostridium] innocuum PubMed ↗
The Journal of pediatrics · 2025 Increase in Necrotizing Enterocolitis with Cessation of Bifidobacteriumlongum ssp. infantis Administration in Very Low Birthweight Infants: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study. Selesner L, Hedges M, Pung R, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Nature communications · 2025 Development of the preterm infant gut and gastric residuals microbiome. Moriel N, Jones L, Harpenas E, et al. Bifidobacterium breveEscherichia coliStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Pediatric pulmonology · 2025 Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Profiles Are Associated With Respiratory Severity and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonates. Kelchtermans J, Phinizy P, Piccione J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025 Characterization of gut microbiota signatures in Indian preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: a shotgun metagenomic approach. Devarajalu P, Attri SV, Kumar J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
BMC pediatrics · 2025 Influence of perinatal antibiotic on neonatal gut microbiota: a prospective cohort study. Iqbal F, Shenoy PA, Lewis LES, et al. Escherichia coliKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Neonatology · 2024 Gut Pathogen Colonization: A Risk Factor to Bloodstream Infections in Preterm Neonates Admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - A Prospective Cohort Study. Iqbal F, Siva N, Shenoy PA, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Journal of perinatology · 2024 Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis (EVC001) is associated with reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2 and bloody stools in premature babies. Sohn K, Palacios V, Clark R Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2024 Bacteroides fragilis alleviates necrotizing enterocolitis through restoring bile acid metabolism balance using bile salt hydrolase and inhibiting FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Chen Z, Chen H, Huang W, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
Early human development · 2024 No differences were observed in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis among preterm infants who received either single-species or multi-species probiotics. Korček P, Straňák Z Bifidobacterium bifidumBifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2023 The metagenomic and metabolomic profile of the gut microbes in Chinese full-term and late preterm infants treated with Clostridium butyricum. Li H, Ma X, Li Y, et al. Escherichia coliFaecalibacterium prausnitziiPhocaeicola vulgatus PubMed ↗
Acta paediatrica · 2023 Neonatal outcomes following introduction of routine probiotic supplementation to very preterm infants. Healy DB, Campbell-Green B, Livingstone V, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
BMJ paediatrics open · 2023 How frequent is routine use of probiotics in UK neonatal units? Patel N, NeoTRIPS Collaborative Group, Evans K, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2023 Effectiveness of a probiotic combination on the neurodevelopment of the very premature infant. Baucells BJ, Sebastiani G, Herrero-Aizpurua L, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
International breastfeeding journal · 2023 Comparison of bacterial profiles in human milk from mothers of term and preterm infants. Miura K, Tanaka M, Date M, et al. Enterococcus faecalis PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2023 High-resolution microbiome analysis reveals exclusionary Klebsiella species competition in preterm infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. Coleman S, Unterhauser K, Rezaul K, et al. Enterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Nature communications · 2023 Clinical NEC prevention practices drive different microbiome profiles and functional responses in the preterm intestine. Neumann CJ, Mahnert A, Kumpitsch C, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Pediatrics and neonatology · 2023 Change of gut microbiome structure in preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy induced by apnea. Chen G, Li F, Du J Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
International journal of molecular sciences · 2023 Release of HMGB1 and Toll-like Receptors 2, 4, and 9 Signaling Are Modulated by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Salmonella Typhimurium in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model of Preterm Infants. Splichal I, Donovan SM, Kindlova Z, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Microbial genomics · 2022 A novel approach for combining the metagenome, metaresistome, metareplicome and causal inference to determine the microbes and their antibiotic resistance gene repertoire that contribute to dysbiosis. Stebliankin V, Sazal M, Valdes C, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022 Interspecies relationships between nosocomial pathogens associated to preterm infants and lactic acid bacteria in dual-species biofilms. Jara J, Jurado R, Almendro-Vedia VG, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniaeLigilactobacillus salivarius PubMed ↗
Nature microbiology · 2022 Strain-specific impacts of probiotics are a significant driver of gut microbiome development in very preterm infants. Beck LC, Masi AC, Young GR, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Nutrients · 2022 Neonatal Morbidities and Feeding Tolerance Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants, before and after Introduction of Probiotic Supplementation. Mitha A, Kruth SS, Bjurman S, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗