Randomized trial Gut microbes · 2026 Synbiotic supplementation leads to gut microbiome communities with functional capacity linked to better brain white matter development in preterm infants. Voulgari-Kokota A, Janson E, Heikamp de Jong I, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Observational Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Early supplementation with live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium: association with feeding intolerance and gut microbiota composition in antibiotic-exposed preterm infants. Ye C, Li L, Zhang H, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Archives of medical research · 2026 A Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic Intervention for Reducing the Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants. Wang D, Wang S, Wang H, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Pediatric research · 2025 L.Fermentum CECT5716 and B.Breve CECT7263 on premature infants morbidities: a randomized clinical trial. Hurtado Suazo JA, Alonso Ojembarrena A, Sánchez Tamayo T, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine · 2025 Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdullahi AM, Zhao S, Xu Y Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2025 Effects of a live versus heat-inactivated probiotic Bifidobacterium spp in preterm infants: a randomised clinical trial. Athalye-Jape G, Esvaran M, Patole S, et al. Bifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial JAMA pediatrics · 2024 Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Probiotics and Gut Dysbiosis in Preterm Infants: The PRIMAL Randomized Clinical Trial. Van Rossum T, Haiß A, Knoll RL, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational Gut microbes · 2024 Pathogen-specific alterations in intestinal microbiota precede urinary tract infections in preterm infants: a longitudinal case-control study. Hong L, Huang Y, Han J, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Observational Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2024 The effect of in-hospital breast milk intake on the gut microbiota of preterm infants. Yang R, Wang H, Chen D, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Medicine · 2023 Can Enterococcus faecium prevent NEC in preterm infants?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Men G, Wang L, Lu X, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Pediatric research · 2023 Bifidobacterium infantis as a probiotic in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Batta VK, Rao SC, Patole SK Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Review Anaerobe · 2023 Bifidobacterium bacteraemia is rare with routine probiotics use in preterm infants: A further case report with literature review. Acuna-Gonzalez A, Kujawska M, Youssif M, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Observational Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2022 Preterm Infant Fecal Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Are Modulated in a Probiotic Specific Manner. Larke JA, Kuhn-Riordon K, Taft DH, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2022 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Two Probiotics on the Preterms' Gut Microbiota. Moreno-Sanz B, Montes MT, Manzano S, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLigilactobacillus salivarius PubMed ↗
Observational The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022 Early-life formula feeding is associated with infant gut microbiota alterations and an increased antibiotic resistance load. Pärnänen KMM, Hultman J, Markkanen M, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Observational Beneficial microbes · 2021 Effectiveness of two probiotics in preventing necrotising enterocolitis in a cohort of very-low-birth-weight premature new-borns. Uberos J, Campos-Martinez A, Fernandez-Marín E, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
Observational Pediatrics and neonatology · 2021 Risk factors for hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants during the first 14 days. Inage Y, Hirano D, Nakagawa A, et al. Bifidobacterium breve PubMed ↗
Systematic review Nutrients · 2021 Probiotics for Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Network Meta-Analysis. Beghetti I, Panizza D, Lenzi J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Gut microbes · 2021 The effect of early probiotic exposure on the preterm infant gut microbiome development. Hui Y, Smith B, Mortensen MS, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
JAMA network open · 2026 Probiotic Implementation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Risk in Preterm Infants. Imren C, Jongejans V, Onland W, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium longumStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2026 Probiotic-conditioned microbiota from preterm infants modulate immune response to pathogen challenge in a microbiota-humanized mouse model. Smout J, Lesker TR, Hoenicke L, et al. Escherichia coli PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Gut microbiota and metabolome signatures in preterm infants with high versus low risk for neurodevelopmental impairment: a prospective, matched, longitudinal multi-omics study. Tian YP, Li QH, Li YM, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila PubMed ↗
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026 Probiotic use in French neonatal intensive care units: A nationwide analysis of practice patterns and clinical outcomes. Perazzi C, Lorrain S, Bonsante F, et al. Streptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 Temporal dynamics of gut microbiota and virome in preterm infants: insights from longitudinal metagenomic analysis. Huang J, Yan X, Su Q, et al. Enterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Cell host & microbe · 2026 Gut microbiota immaturity with DL-endopeptidase deficiency links antibiotic use to preterm late-onset sepsis. Shen W, Wang H, Wang J, et al. Enterococcus faecium PubMed ↗
Current microbiology · 2026 Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Alterations in the Gut Microbiome of Preterm Infants with Extrauterine Growth Restriction. Ni W, Huang H, Wang X, et al. Eggerthella lentaEnterococcus faecalisKlebsiella pneumoniaeParabacteroides merdae PubMed ↗
Infection and immunity · 2026 Tracing the early bacterial settlers in preterm and very-low birth-weight infants: first report of microbiota dynamics in South American neonates. Vera J, Vaz Ferreira C, Moraes M, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniaeVeillonella parvula PubMed ↗
FEMS microbiology ecology · 2025 Commensal Clostridia in the preterm gut as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance: susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes. Delannoy J, Ferraris L, Labellie C, et al. [Clostridium] innocuum PubMed ↗
The Journal of pediatrics · 2025 Increase in Necrotizing Enterocolitis with Cessation of Bifidobacteriumlongum ssp. infantis Administration in Very Low Birthweight Infants: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study. Selesner L, Hedges M, Pung R, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Nature communications · 2025 Development of the preterm infant gut and gastric residuals microbiome. Moriel N, Jones L, Harpenas E, et al. Bifidobacterium breveEscherichia coliStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Pediatric pulmonology · 2025 Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Profiles Are Associated With Respiratory Severity and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonates. Kelchtermans J, Phinizy P, Piccione J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025 Characterization of gut microbiota signatures in Indian preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: a shotgun metagenomic approach. Devarajalu P, Attri SV, Kumar J, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
BMC pediatrics · 2025 Influence of perinatal antibiotic on neonatal gut microbiota: a prospective cohort study. Iqbal F, Shenoy PA, Lewis LES, et al. Escherichia coliKlebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Neonatology · 2024 Gut Pathogen Colonization: A Risk Factor to Bloodstream Infections in Preterm Neonates Admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - A Prospective Cohort Study. Iqbal F, Siva N, Shenoy PA, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Journal of perinatology · 2024 Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis (EVC001) is associated with reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2 and bloody stools in premature babies. Sohn K, Palacios V, Clark R Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Gut microbes · 2024 Bacteroides fragilis alleviates necrotizing enterocolitis through restoring bile acid metabolism balance using bile salt hydrolase and inhibiting FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Chen Z, Chen H, Huang W, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
Early human development · 2024 No differences were observed in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis among preterm infants who received either single-species or multi-species probiotics. Korček P, Straňák Z Bifidobacterium bifidumBifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Scientific reports · 2023 The metagenomic and metabolomic profile of the gut microbes in Chinese full-term and late preterm infants treated with Clostridium butyricum. Li H, Ma X, Li Y, et al. Escherichia coliFaecalibacterium prausnitziiPhocaeicola vulgatus PubMed ↗
Acta paediatrica · 2023 Neonatal outcomes following introduction of routine probiotic supplementation to very preterm infants. Healy DB, Campbell-Green B, Livingstone V, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗
BMJ paediatrics open · 2023 How frequent is routine use of probiotics in UK neonatal units? Patel N, NeoTRIPS Collaborative Group, Evans K, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum PubMed ↗