Review Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021 The Role of the Microbiota in Graves' Disease and Graves' Orbitopathy. Hou J, Tang Y, Chen Y, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021 Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gong B, Wang C, Meng F, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2023 A cause-effect relationship between Graves' disease and the gut microbiome contributes to the thyroid-gut axis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Cao J, Wang N, Luo Y, et al. [Clostridium] innocuum[Ruminococcus] torques PubMed ↗
Frontiers in immunology · 2022 The Potential Prebiotic Berberine Combined With Methimazole Improved the Therapeutic Effect of Graves' Disease Patients Through Regulating the Intestinal Microbiome. Han Z, Cen C, Ou Q, et al. Lactococcus lactis PubMed ↗
Communications biology · 2021 Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum supplied with methimazole improved the thyroid function of Graves' disease patients through the gut-thyroid axis. Huo D, Cen C, Chang H, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Animal study Microbiology spectrum · 2025 Bacteroides fragilis and propionate synergize with low-dose methimazole to treat Graves' disease. Zhang X, Pan Q, Yao G, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020 Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves' Disease Patients by Propionic Acid. Su X, Yin X, Liu Y, et al. Bacteroides fragilis PubMed ↗
International journal of biological sciences · 2018 Molecular Alteration Analysis of Human Gut Microbial Composition in Graves' disease Patients. Ishaq HM, Mohammad IS, Shahzad M, et al. [Clostridium] leptumPhocaeicola vulgatus PubMed ↗