Its ID gene (16S) · each bar is one letter A C G T NCBI 16S
What's this?
Zoomed in: letters 115–138
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. C
  5. T
  6. T
  7. G
  8. A
  9. G
  10. T
  11. G
  12. C
  13. A
  14. G
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  24. G

Its ID gene: the stretch scientists read to tell microbes apart. Each bar is one letter of its DNA. Every species has its own order of letters, so the pattern works like a fingerprint. Close relatives share most of it.

16S rRNA gene, V4 region: the 253 letters between the standard primers (515F/806R), which are the same in every species. One reference sequence; strains can differ by a letter or two. NCBI NR_113332.1

NCBI Taxonomy 47715 Plate · Bacillota

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

Formerly Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

  • Can make lactic acid
  • Can ferment fiber
  • Can eat inulin
Also known as Lactobacillus rhamnosusLactobacillus casei rhamnosusLactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus
Lab traits Gram +Rod-shapedNon-motileAnaerobe Lab-tested · BacDive
The whole of its DNA, to scale

Its genome

Genome · 3.0 million letters · 47% G+C
Shortest we have Mycoplasmoides genitalium 0.6M
⋮ 1,055 shorter
Lacticaseibacillus average 2.8M
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 3.0M
⋮ 1,296 longer
Longest we have Bradyrhizobium altum 9.8M

Mid-sized for a gut microbe: longer than 45% of the 2,354 we have genomes for.

47% G+C, higher than 48% of gut microbes.

To scale: if its ID gene were 1 cm long, its genome would stretch 20 meters. Yours would stretch 21 kilometers. One reference genome; strains vary. NCBI GCF_900636965.1

Capabilities, not measurements of anyone's gut

What it can do

Makes
  • Can make lactic acid What yogurt bacteria make; other microbes turn it into butyrate.
  • Can make B vitamins Folate, B12, riboflavin and others.
Eats
  • Can ferment fiber Breaks down dietary fiber that our own enzymes can't.
  • Can eat inulin A fiber in onions, garlic, leeks, chicory and bananas (also sold as FOS).
  • Can use lactose The sugar in milk and dairy.

Not seen in its genomes: make butyrate, make propionate, eat resistant starch, eat pectin, feed on gut mucus, change bile acids, make hydrogen sulfide, make methane.

All 13 capabilities and their evidence
CapabilityVerdict Genome analysis Lab tests Published research
Can make butyrateNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can make propionateNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can make lactic acidCan11 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can ferment fiberCan11 of 11 genomes2 of 132 strains · strip test Strip tests often miss fiber-eaters, so this doesn't override the genomes.No papers
Can eat inulinCan11 of 11 genomes0 of 95 strains · strip test Strip tests often miss fiber-eaters, so this doesn't override the genomes.No papers
Can eat resistant starchNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can eat pectinNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can use lactoseCan11 of 11 genomes100 of 121 strains Papers say yes
Can feed on gut mucusNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can change bile acidsNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can make B vitaminsCan11 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can make hydrogen sulfideNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers
Can make methaneNot seen0 of 11 genomes—No papers

AGORA2 (Heinken et al. 2023) via VMH, CC BY 4.0 · BacDive (DSMZ), CC BY 4.0 · NJC19 (Lim et al., Scientific Data 2020), CC0

What’s typical · a description, not a comparison

In healthy guts

Everyone · 12,213 people · 129 studies
How common

Found in 2.9% of healthy people.

How big a slice of the gut
  1. largest Segatella copri 6.2%
  2. 2nd largest Phocaeicola vulgatus 5.0%
  3. 3rd largest Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 4.7%
  4. 4th largest Bacteroides uniformis 3.2%
  5. 5th largest Agathobacter rectalis 2.5%
  6. 6th largest Alistipes putredinis 2.3%
  7. 7th largest Bifidobacterium longum 2.1%
  8. 8th largest Ruminococcus bromii 1.8%
  9. top 15% Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 0.02%
  10. 2,169 other microbes, each a sliver 56.7%
  11. 15.6%

On average, 0.02% of the microbes in a healthy gut: larger than 85% of species’ slices.

By age and sex

Every group, drawn the same way. Only some samples record age or sex, so each group says how many people it comes from. Tap one to see it above.

By age
367 people · 16% carry it 0.3% of the microbes top 70
198 people · 5 studies 1.5% carry it under 0.01% of the microbes
57 people · 1.8% carry it under 0.01% of the microbes
1,283 people · 27 studies 1.6% carry it under 0.01% of the microbes
142 people · 15 studies 2.8% carry it under 0.01% of the microbes
By sex
2,063 people · 3.7% carry it 0.01% of the microbes top 25%
1,530 people · 29 studies 3.5% carry it 0.02% of the microbes top 20%

Where these numbers come from

Who
12,213 healthy people from 129 studies in GMrepo, by its own “Health” label. Whole-genome sequencing only; one sample is one person.
How common
The share of them whose sample has any of it.
Slice
Its average share of the microbes in a healthy gut, across everyone, carriers or not. The slices add up to 84.4%: the rest is reads GMrepo couldn’t place at this rank, shown as “Not identified to a species”.
Age and sex
From the samples that record them (about 17% record an age and 29% a sex). A group with fewer than 50 people isn’t shown.
Ranks
A slice’s rank is a place among the 2,178 microbes we have numbers for, within the group shown: exact in the top 10, then rounded bands.
Analysis
Ours, of GMrepo’s per-sample data. GMrepo on Data sources
The 129 studies behind these numbers

Largest first by people. Each is a GMrepo project.

StudyPeopleWith ageWith sex
A study in the United States PRJNA695570 ↗ 1,767 0 1,759
A study in Japan PRJNA1077400 ↗ 1,268 0 0
A study in Spain PRJEB61680 ↗ 839 0 0
Zhong et al. 2019 · the Netherlands PRJEB26795 ↗ 572 0 0
A study in the Netherlands PRJNA942468 ↗ 517 0 0
Shang et al. 2021 · Australia PRJNA492716 ↗ 370 0 84
A study in the United States PRJNA398089 ↗ 363 237 363
A study in the United States PRJNA795985 ↗ 290 0 0
Zhang et al. 2022 · China PRJNA801051 ↗ 239 0 0
A study in Ireland PRJEB46398 ↗ 237 0 0
Valles-Colomer et al. 2023 · Italy PRJEB63351 ↗ 225 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA633576 ↗ 225 223 0
Lee et al. 2024 · the United Kingdom PRJEB52380 ↗ 177 0 0
A study in the United States PRJEB37924 ↗ 164 0 0
A study in China PRJNA542578 ↗ 151 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA993675 ↗ 142 142 142
Lee et al. 2022 · South Korea PRJEB45443 ↗ 112 0 0
A study in China PRJEB65297 ↗ 111 0 0
A study in India PRJNA397112 ↗ 110 110 0
A study in Japan PRJDB13214 ↗ 105 0 0
A study in China PRJNA686835 ↗ 104 0 0
A study in China PRJNA763023 ↗ 100 0 0
A study in China PRJNA994318 ↗ 100 0 0
A study in the United States PRJEB28543 ↗ 96 96 96
A study in Italy PRJNA716780 ↗ 94 94 94
A study in China PRJNA509999 ↗ 93 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA878603 ↗ 92 92 92
Guo et al. 2023 · the United States PRJNA751448 ↗ 91 91 91
A study in China PRJNA793776 ↗ 89 89 89
A study in China PRJNA888860 ↗ 88 0 0
A study in Ireland PRJEB15388 ↗ 85 0 0
A study in China PRJNA731589 ↗ 85 85 0
A study in Israel PRJNA994433 ↗ 80 80 0
A study in Canada PRJNA521587 ↗ 79 78 79
La Reau et al. 2023 · the United States PRJNA917645 ↗ 76 0 0
Pomyen et al. 2023 · Thailand PRJNA932948 ↗ 76 0 76
A study in the United States PRJEB53403 ↗ 75 45 45
Eriksen et al. 2023 · Sweden PRJNA633381 ↗ 74 0 0
A study in China PRJNA356102 ↗ 72 0 0
A study in China PRJNA689961 ↗ 70 0 0
A study in China PRJNA449784 ↗ 69 0 0
Duru et al. 2024 · Finland PRJEB59350 ↗ 66 0 0
Roth-Schulze et al. 2021 · Australia PRJNA604850 ↗ 66 66 48
Wan et al. 2024 · China PRJNA1037036 ↗ 64 64 64
A study in China PRJNA686821 ↗ 64 0 0
Fulcher et al. 2022 · the United States PRJNA836336 ↗ 64 0 0
Hu et al. 2023 · China PRJNA893406 ↗ 64 0 0
A study in Italy PRJNA553191 ↗ 62 0 0
Wilson et al. 2024 · the United States PRJEB59709 ↗ 59 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA822660 ↗ 58 58 58
A study in the United States PRJNA314903 ↗ 50 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA379741 ↗ 50 0 50
A study in China PRJNA674716 ↗ 50 0 0
A study in China PRJNA762484 ↗ 49 20 21
Yan et al. 2023 · China PRJNA808806 ↗ 48 0 0
Stockdale et al. 2022 · Ireland PRJNA813736 ↗ 48 40 41
Tao et al. 2025 · China PRJNA1135717 ↗ 47 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA660443 ↗ 44 0 0
A study in China PRJNA946183 ↗ 44 0 0
A study in China PRJNA530971 ↗ 43 0 0
Ye et al. 2023 · China PRJNA853814 ↗ 42 42 0
A study in China PRJNA943232 ↗ 42 42 42
A study in the United Kingdom PRJEB17978 ↗ 41 0 0
A study in China PRJNA588035 ↗ 39 0 0
A study in China PRJNA349463 ↗ 33 0 0
A study in India PRJNA531203 ↗ 31 0 0
A study in Switzerland PRJEB24557 ↗ 30 0 0
A study in India PRJNA792685 ↗ 30 0 0
A study in China PRJNA808649 ↗ 30 30 30
Pötgens et al. 2024 · Belgium PRJNA813705 ↗ 30 0 0
Grion et al. 2024 · Spain PRJNA961076 ↗ 30 0 0
A study in Canada PRJEB21933 ↗ 29 0 0
A study PRJEB32767 ↗ 29 0 0
A study in the United States PRJEB53401 ↗ 29 29 29
A study in Poland PRJNA1125836 ↗ 28 28 28
Chen et al. 2023 · China PRJEB55711 ↗ 27 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA629755 ↗ 27 0 0
A study in China PRJNA818062 ↗ 27 0 0
Wang et al. 2023 · China PRJNA905444 ↗ 27 0 0
A study in Spain PRJEB62571 ↗ 26 0 0
A study in China PRJNA769284 ↗ 26 0 0
Lv et al. 2024 · China PRJEB52189 ↗ 25 0 0
Xiao et al. 2024 · China PRJNA938297 ↗ 25 25 25
A study in Germany PRJEB76677 ↗ 24 0 0
Elie et al. 2023 · France PRJNA648321 ↗ 24 0 0
A study in Mali PRJNA936589 ↗ 24 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA1044118 ↗ 23 0 0
A study in Turkey PRJNA1167935 ↗ 23 0 0
A study in Russia PRJNA762199 ↗ 23 23 23
Ievina et al. 2024 · Latvia PRJEB80379 ↗ 22 0 0
A study in China PRJNA896336 ↗ 22 0 0
A study in China PRJNA688881 ↗ 21 0 0
Edwinson et al. 2022 · the United States PRJNA705217 ↗ 21 21 21
A study in France PRJEB55534 ↗ 20 0 0
A study in Canada PRJNA1022308 ↗ 20 0 0
A study in China PRJNA1138893 ↗ 20 0 0
Schaefer et al. 2022 · the United States PRJNA800662 ↗ 20 0 0
Ding et al. 2023 · China PRJNA999028 ↗ 20 0 0
A study in the United States PRJEB42155 ↗ 18 0 0
A study in Japan PRJNA665854 ↗ 18 0 0
A study in Canada PRJNA742740 ↗ 17 0 0
Stockdale et al. 2022 · the United States PRJNA626004 ↗ 16 0 0
A study in China PRJNA858062 ↗ 16 16 16
A study in China PRJNA429990 ↗ 15 0 0
Wan et al. 2019 · China PRJNA532538 ↗ 15 0 0
A study in China PRJNA624223 ↗ 15 15 15
A study in the United States PRJNA634145 ↗ 15 15 15
A study in China PRJNA734379 ↗ 15 0 15
Sadeghi et al. 2024 · France PRJEB70916 ↗ 14 14 14
A study in Singapore PRJNA272371 ↗ 14 14 14
A study in India PRJNA983946 ↗ 14 14 14
A study in Sweden PRJEB38997 ↗ 13 0 0
Seishima et al. 2019 · Japan PRJNA511372 ↗ 13 0 0
A study in China PRJEB54728 ↗ 12 0 0
A study in Switzerland PRJEB13835 ↗ 11 0 0
A study in Japan PRJNA846495 ↗ 11 0 0
Joensen et al. 2017 · Denmark PRJEB14038 ↗ 10 0 0
A study in the United Kingdom PRJEB53891 ↗ 10 0 0
A study in Iran PRJNA1050885 ↗ 10 0 0
A study in China PRJNA730640 ↗ 10 0 0
A study in Israel PRJNA939026 ↗ 10 9 0
Ye et al. 2023 · China PRJNA993632 ↗ 10 0 0
A study in China PRJNA1024678 ↗ 9 0 0
Wang et al. 2024 · Switzerland PRJNA363003 ↗ 9 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA613834 ↗ 9 0 0
A study in the United States PRJNA896226 ↗ 8 0 0
A study in Spain PRJNA1029046 ↗ 7 0 0
A study in China PRJNA492189 ↗ 5 0 0
A study in France PRJNA287878 ↗ 2 0 0
Compared within studies that had both

In conditions

Compared with healthy people in the same studies, it’s less common in none and more common in 1 condition. Only studies that had both are counted.

A difference is an association: it doesn’t mean this microbe causes, prevents or treats any of these.

Strongest first, then the biggest gap · Each figure is 10 people
  1. Clostridium infections 24 people · 1 study More common in people with it Healthy 0% With it 67%

Where these numbers come from

Studies
Only GMrepo projects that had people with the condition and healthy people, 10 or more of each. Numbers come from those studies, never from pooling.
How common
The share of people whose sample has any of it, in the people with the condition and in the healthy people of those same studies. Tested within studies (Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel, corrected for testing many microbes); a difference counts when it is clear and meaningful (Cohen’s h of 0.2 or more).
Strength word
Counted by code from how many studies point the same way: Seen again and again (3 or more, none clearly the other way), Seen more than once (2, the majority), Seen once (1, listed last). Where studies disagree, a row isn’t listed.
Each study
Tap a row for every study’s own numbers, and for how much carriers have.
Analysis
Our analysis of GMrepo data. GMrepo on Data sources · Read the rules

Also compared · 11 conditions

Compared within studies that had both, but not listed above.

No meaningful difference · 11

Fig. 1 · By how people live

In studies of how people live

All factors →

“Higher” is the study’s measure: on average, a bigger share of gut bacteria across everyone in the group, carriers or not. It isn’t how many people carry it. An association the authors report, measured once per person. It doesn’t mean a diet changes this microbe, or that the microbe affects health.

PubMed · human studies and reviews first

Recent research

All research on it
  1. Review Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica · 2026
    The role of gut microbiota-immune axis in swallowing dysfunction and nursing interventions.
    PubMed ↗
  2. PubMed ↗
  3. Systematic review Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026
    Effect of probiotic interventions on oral health in children: a systematic review.
    PubMed ↗
  4. PubMed ↗
  5. PubMed ↗

Source: PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine · 2,475 linked papers, last 10 years

In people · from PubMed and product labels

Strains studied

How much each strain has been studied in people, not whether it works. Many trials test a strain inside a blend, so those are counted apart, and reviews are summaries of trials, so they're never counted as more trials.

57 strains of L. rhamnosus are named on product labels. 19 have human trials; 38 have none found yet, including UALr-18, which is in 23 products.

  1. L. rhamnosus GG

    also ATCC 53103 · LGG In 301 products →
    235 human trials · 58 reviews 176 single-strain · 59 in blends
  2. L. rhamnosus HN001

    In 83 products →
    51 human trials · 1 review 18 single-strain · 33 in blends
  3. L. rhamnosus GR-1

    In 22 products →
    33 human trials · 2 reviews 4 single-strain · 29 in blends
  4. L. rhamnosus SP1

    In 1 product →
    9 human trials · 1 review 6 single-strain · 3 in blends
    Studied for Allergic rhinitis
  5. L. rhamnosus R0011

    In 19 products →
    9 human trials 2 single-strain · 7 in blends
  6. L. rhamnosus LR06

    In 11 products →
    9 human trials 0 single-strain · 9 in blends
  7. L. rhamnosus LRa05

    In 1 product →
    5 human trials 1 single-strain · 4 in blends
  8. L. rhamnosus HA-114

    In 27 products →
    3 human trials 1 single-strain · 2 in blends
  9. L. rhamnosus LRH020

    In 2 products →
    3 human trials 0 single-strain · 3 in blends
  10. L. rhamnosus IMC-501

    In 2 products →
    2 human trials 2 single-strain · 0 in blends
  11. L. rhamnosus W71

    In 2 products →
    2 human trials 0 single-strain · 2 in blends
  12. L. rhamnosus Lr-32

    In 173 products →
    1 human trial 0 single-strain · 1 in blends
  13. L. rhamnosus HA-111

    In 54 products →
    1 human trial 1 single-strain · 0 in blends
  14. L. rhamnosus Lr-04

    In 14 products →
    1 human trial 0 single-strain · 1 in blends
  15. L. rhamnosus VP-6

    In 10 products →
    1 human trial 1 single-strain · 0 in blends
  16. L. rhamnosus CRL 1505

    In 2 products →
    1 human trial 1 single-strain · 0 in blends
  17. L. rhamnosus Rosell-11

    In 2 products →
    1 human trial 0 single-strain · 1 in blends
  18. 1 human trial 0 single-strain · 1 in blends
  19. L. rhamnosus R-11

    In 1 product →
    1 human trial 0 single-strain · 1 in blends
  20. 38 more strains with no human trials found yet · together in 190 products
    1. L. rhamnosus UALr-18

      In 23 products →

      No human trials found yet

    2. L. rhamnosus SD-5217

      In 22 products →

      No human trials found yet

    3. L. rhamnosus CUL-63

      In 16 products →

      No human trials found yet

    4. L. rhamnosus LR-05

      In 14 products →

      No human trials found yet

    5. L. rhamnosus 18fx

      In 11 products →

      No human trials found yet

    6. L. rhamnosus DSM 6594

      In 10 products →

      No human trials found yet

    7. L. rhamnosus UALr-06

      In 10 products →

      No human trials found yet

    8. L. rhamnosus VP-101

      In 10 products →

      No human trials found yet

    9. L. rhamnosus VP-11

      In 10 products →

      No human trials found yet

    10. L. rhamnosus VP-34

      In 10 products →

      No human trials found yet

    11. L. rhamnosus SD-5839

      In 9 products →

      No human trials found yet

    12. L. rhamnosus L08R

      In 8 products →

      No human trials found yet

    13. L. rhamnosus LB3

      In 7 products →

      No human trials found yet

    14. L. rhamnosus ATCC SD5217

      In 6 products →

      No human trials found yet

    15. L. rhamnosus DSM 33560

      In 6 products →

      No human trials found yet

    16. L. rhamnosus HA-500

      In 5 products →

      No human trials found yet

    17. L. rhamnosus LBV 96

      In 5 products →

      No human trials found yet

    18. L. rhamnosus UALrh-18

      In 5 products →

      No human trials found yet

    19. L. rhamnosus LCS-742

      In 4 products →

      No human trials found yet

    20. L. rhamnosus PXN 54

      In 4 products →

      No human trials found yet

    21. L. rhamnosus R1039

      In 3 products →

      No human trials found yet

    22. L. rhamnosus UALP-05

      In 3 products →

      No human trials found yet

    23. L. rhamnosus VPro11

      In 3 products →

      No human trials found yet

    24. L. rhamnosus 6594

      In 2 products →

      No human trials found yet

    25. L. rhamnosus A119

      In 2 products →

      No human trials found yet

    26. L. rhamnosus LMG P-29513

      In 2 products →

      No human trials found yet

    27. L. rhamnosus NI332

      In 2 products →

      No human trials found yet

    28. L. rhamnosus R0343ND

      In 2 products →

      No human trials found yet

    29. L. rhamnosus HRVD113-US

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    30. L. rhamnosus KB-66

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    31. L. rhamnosus LR-4

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    32. L. rhamnosus MAK79L08R

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    33. L. rhamnosus R0011ND

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    34. L. rhamnosus Rosell-11ND

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    35. L. rhamnosus RSB13

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    36. L. rhamnosus VP-65

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    37. L. rhamnosus VP-79

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

    38. L. rhamnosus VP-80

      In 1 product →

      No human trials found yet

Human trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews naming the strain · animal and lab studies not counted · Data sources

On the shelf

Products that contain it

See all 1,504 →