Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2026 Preventing otitis media and respiratory tract infections with the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Halley C, Honeywill C, Kang J, et al. Streptococcus salivarius PubMed ↗
Meta-analysis Nutrients · 2026 Strain-Specific Effects of Early-Life Probiotic Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Carnazzo SM, Sinagra E, Raimondo D, et al. Bifidobacterium longumLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of nutrition · 2026 Probiotic modulation of gut microbiota with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 mitigates recurrent respiratory infections in children: a randomised-controlled trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Microbial pathogenesis · 2026 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 modulates the infant gut-lung axis via microbial and metabolic reprogramming. Ma R, Jia B, Zhang X, et al. Bifidobacterium longumRoseburia hominis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2026 Probiotic intervention not beneficial to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in absence of antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption. Merenstein D, Grant-Beurmann S, Sanders ME, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis PubMed ↗
Observational Clinical infectious diseases · 2026 Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in South African Infants With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study of the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Claassen-Weitz S, Xia Y, Hannan L, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026 Probiotic Supplementation Reduces RRTIs and Enhances Gut Microbial and Immunity in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chen K, Ma W, Zhong J, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLactiplantibacillus plantarum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial European journal of pediatrics · 2025 A probiotic containing L. plantarum and P. acidilactici strains for treating upper respiratory infection in children aged 6 months to 5 years: a randomized, double-blind trial. Andrade-Platas D, Martinez-Figueroa MG, Rodriguez-Palmero M, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarumPediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2025 Effects of probiotic yogurt on relative respiratory tract infections, urine, saliva biomarkers, and fecal bacterial load in Ugandan children: a randomized controlled trial. Sybesma W, Westerik N, Dalukdeniya C, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusStreptococcus thermophilus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial JAMA network open · 2025 Probiotics and Fever Duration in Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bettocchi S, Comotti A, Elli M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium breveLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial International journal of molecular sciences · 2025 Therapeutic Potential of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 on Gut and Respiratory Health in Infant. Richmond RV, Mageswary U, Ali A, et al. Bifidobacterium longum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Nutrients · 2024 The Effectiveness of Heat-Killed Pediococcus acidilactici K15 in Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Takeshita K, Hishiki H, Takei H, et al. Pediococcus acidilactici PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Frontiers in immunology · 2024 Heyndrickxia coagulans strain SANK70258 suppresses symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection via immune modulation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, comparative study. Aida M, Togawa N, Mizuyama K, et al. Heyndrickxia coagulans PubMed ↗
Randomized trial The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 Efficacy and safety of a synbiotic infant formula for the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Piloquet H, Vrignaud B, Gillaizeau F, et al. Limosilactobacillus fermentum PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Scientific reports · 2023 Efficient symptomatic treatment and viral load reduction for children with influenza virus infection by nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics. Tran TT, Phung TTB, Tran DM, et al. Bacillus subtilis PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2022 Comparison of two probiotics in follow-on formula: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 reduced upper respiratory tract infections in Chinese infants. Dekker J, Quilter M, Qian H Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022 Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PubMed ↗
Systematic review The Lancet. Microbe · 2022 The association between early-life gut microbiota and childhood respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Alcazar CG, Paes VM, Shao Y, et al. Faecalibacterium PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Voprosy pitaniia · 2022 [The effectiveness of BIFIFORM KIDS in the prevention of the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children]. Shikh EV, Drozdov VN, Vorobieva OA, et al. Bifidobacterium animalisLacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗
Randomized trial Beneficial microbes · 2021 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG DSM 33156 effects on pathogen defence in the upper respiratory tract: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled paediatric trial. Damholt A, Keller MK, Baranowski K, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PubMed ↗