Salmonella enterica
What's this?
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Its ID gene: the stretch scientists read to tell microbes apart. Each bar is one letter of its DNA. Every species has its own order of letters, so the pattern works like a fingerprint. Close relatives share most of it.
16S rRNA gene, V4 region: the 253 letters between the standard primers (515F/806R), which are the same in every species. One reference sequence; strains can differ by a letter or two. NCBI NR_074910.1
Formerly Salmonella choleraesuis.
Large for a gut microbe: longer than 85% of the 2,354 we have genomes for.
52% G+C, higher than 58% of gut microbes.
To scale: if its ID gene were 1 cm long, its genome would stretch 33 meters. Yours would stretch 21 kilometers. One reference genome; strains vary. NCBI GCF_000006945.2
What it can do
- Can make propionate A short-chain fatty acid, mostly used by the liver.
- Can make lactic acid What yogurt bacteria make; other microbes turn it into butyrate.
- Can make B vitamins Folate, B12, riboflavin and others.
- Can ferment fiber Breaks down dietary fiber that our own enzymes can't. 1 of 93 strains can
- Can use lactose The sugar in milk and dairy. 3 of 132 strains can
- Mixed evidence Can feed on gut mucus Lives on mucin, the mucus that lines the gut. Published research reports it; genome analysis found it in none of 323 genomes.
Not seen in its genomes or lab tests: make butyrate, eat inulin, eat resistant starch, eat pectin, change bile acids, make hydrogen sulfide, make methane.
All 13 capabilities and their evidence
| Capability | Verdict | Genome analysis | Lab tests | Published research |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Can make butyrate | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can make propionate | Can | 323 of 323 genomes | — | Papers say yes |
| Can make lactic acid | Can | 323 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can ferment fiber | Some strains | 0 of 323 genomes | 1 of 93 strains · strip test | No papers |
| Can eat inulin | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | 0 of 92 strains · strip test | No papers |
| Can eat resistant starch | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can eat pectin | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can use lactose | Some strains | 0 of 323 genomes | 3 of 132 strains | No papers |
| Can feed on gut mucus | Mixed evidence | 0 of 323 genomes | — | Papers say yes |
| Can change bile acids | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can make B vitamins | Can | 323 of 323 genomes | — | Papers say yes |
| Can make hydrogen sulfide | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
| Can make methane | Not seen | 0 of 323 genomes | — | No papers |
AGORA2 (Heinken et al. 2023) via VMH, CC BY 4.0 · BacDive (DSMZ), CC BY 4.0 · NJC19 (Lim et al., Scientific Data 2020), CC0
In healthy guts
Found in under 1% of healthy people.
- largest Segatella copri 6.2%
- 2nd largest Phocaeicola vulgatus 5.0%
- 3rd largest Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 4.7%
- 4th largest Bacteroides uniformis 3.2%
- 5th largest Agathobacter rectalis 2.5%
- 6th largest Alistipes putredinis 2.3%
- 7th largest Bifidobacterium longum 2.1%
- 8th largest Ruminococcus bromii 1.8%
- Salmonella enterica under 0.01%
- 2,169 other microbes, each a sliver 56.7%
- 15.6%
On average, a sliver, under 0.01% of the microbes in a healthy gut.
Every group, drawn the same way. Only some samples record age or sex, so each group says how many people it comes from. Tap one to see it above.
In conditions
Compared with healthy people in the same studies, it’s less common in none and more common in none. Only studies that had both are counted.
A difference is an association: it doesn’t mean this microbe causes, prevents or treats any of these.